Hello, I’m Kodak.
The Japanese word 無理 (muri) is often translated as “impossible.” However, in real conversation it can also mean:
“That is unreasonable.”
“I can’t handle that.”
“No way.”
“Hard pass.”
“I can’t do this anymore.”
You may also hear emphatic expressions such as 無理無理 (muri muri) and もう無理 (mō muri) in anime, social media, and everyday conversation.
Today’s Japanese word is 無理 (muri)!
Its core image is “The demand goes beyond what reason, conditions, ability, or tolerance can support.”
From that image, “impossible,” “unreasonable,” “too much,” and the slangy “no way” all make sense.
① the basic meanings of 無理
② how to use 無理だ・無理です・無理する・無理に
③ what 無理無理 means
④ what もう無理 means in slang and emotional speech
⑤ why 無理 can mean “I cannot stand it” or “hard pass”
⑥ the differences between 無理, できない, 難しい, だめ, and きつい
⑦ pronunciation, kanji, origin, politeness, anime usage, and natural examples
What Does 無理 (Muri) Mean in Japanese?
無理 is a noun and な-adjective describing something that conflicts with reason, cannot realistically be done, requires excessive force, or exceeds a person’s ability or tolerance.
① impossible / not feasible
② too difficult
③ unreasonable / asking too much
④ forced / excessive
⑤ beyond one’s physical or emotional limit
⑥ unacceptable / “no way” in casual speech
一日で全部終わらせるのは無理です。
Ichinichi de zenbu owaraseru no wa muri desu.
Finishing everything in one day is impossible.
そんな無理なお願いは聞けません。
Sonna muri na onegai wa kikemasen.
I cannot agree to such an unreasonable request.
無理をすると体を壊しますよ。
Muri o suru to karada o kowashimasu yo.
You will damage your health if you push yourself too hard.
虫は本当に無理。
Mushi wa hontō ni muri.
I really cannot handle bugs. / Bugs are a hard no for me.
The Core Image of 無理: Beyond What Can Reasonably Be Supported
The word becomes easier to remember when divided into its kanji.
none / without / lacking
理
reason / logic / natural order / a sound principle
無理
without reason or sound logic
↓
contrary to what is reasonable
↓
unreasonable, forced, excessively difficult, or impossible
How to Pronounce 無理 (Muri)
Hiragana: むり
Katakana: ムリ
Romaji: muri
Mora: む・り (2 morae)
The Japanese r in り is not the same as a strong English r. It is produced with a quick tap of the tongue, somewhere between an English r, l, and light d.
A short Japanese mu. Do not lengthen it.
り (ri)
A quick tapped consonant followed by a short i.
How to Write Muri in Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana
Hiragana: むり
Katakana: ムリ
Romaji: muri
無理 is the standard spelling. Hiragana may appear in beginner materials or soft, informal writing. Katakana ムリ is common in manga, advertisements, messages, and social media when the writer wants stronger emotional or visual emphasis.
Neutral standard spelling
むり
Softer, casual, or childlike visual impression in some contexts
ムリ
Stronger, sharper, more dramatic, or deliberately slangy visual impression
Meaning 1: 無理 = “Impossible” or “Not Feasible”
Use 無理 when the available time, resources, physical conditions, or practical circumstances do not allow something to be done.
この予算で家を建てるのは無理です。
Kono yosan de ie o tateru no wa muri desu.
Building a house with this budget is not feasible.
今から駅まで五分で行くのは無理だよ。
Ima kara eki made gofun de iku no wa muri da yo.
There is no way we can reach the station in five minutes from here.
一人でこの荷物を全部運ぶのは無理です。
Hitori de kono nimotsu o zenbu hakobu no wa muri desu.
It is impossible to carry all this luggage alone.
～のは無理: “Doing X Is Impossible”
Doing that action is impossible or unrealistic.
毎日三時間しか寝ないで働くのは無理です。
Mainichi san-jikan shika nenaide hataraku no wa muri desu.
Working while sleeping only three hours every day is not sustainable.
Meaning 2: 無理な = “Unreasonable” or “Excessive”
Before a noun, use 無理な.
an unreasonable demand
無理な計画
an unrealistic plan
無理なスケジュール
an impossible or excessively demanding schedule
無理な姿勢
an unnatural or strained posture
その納期は無理な設定だと思います。
Sono nōki wa muri na settei da to omoimasu.
I think that deadline is unrealistic.
無理なダイエットはやめたほうがいい。
Muri na daietto wa yameta hō ga ii.
You should avoid extreme dieting.
Meaning 3: 無理をする = “To Push Yourself Too Hard”
無理をする means to act beyond one’s physical, emotional, financial, or practical limits.
to overdo it
to push oneself too hard
to force oneself beyond reasonable limits
熱があるのに無理をして会社に行った。
Netsu ga aru noni muri o shite kaisha ni itta.
I forced myself to go to work even though I had a fever.
お金がないのに無理をして高い車を買った。
Okane ga nai noni muri o shite takai kuruma o katta.
He stretched himself financially to buy an expensive car despite not having the money.
無理しないで: “Don’t Push Yourself”
In casual speech, the particle を is often omitted.
Please do not push yourself too hard.
無理しないで。
Don’t overdo it.
あまり無理しないでね。
Please take care and don’t push yourself too hard.
まだ体調が悪いなら、無理しないでね。
Mada taichō ga warui nara, muri shinaide ne.
If you still feel unwell, don’t push yourself.
無理しないで is a caring expression, but it does not literally tell someone to do nothing. It advises them not to exceed a reasonable limit.
Meaning 4: 無理に = “By Force” or “Against Better Judgment”
無理に functions adverbially. It describes forcing an action despite resistance, difficulty, or lack of necessity.
無理に食べなくてもいいですよ。
Muri ni tabenakute mo ii desu yo.
You do not have to force yourself to eat it.
無理に笑わなくていい。
Muri ni warawanakute ii.
You do not have to force a smile.
ドアを無理に開けないでください。
Doa o muri ni akenaide kudasai.
Please do not force the door open.
無理に vs 無理やり
Against reasonable limits; forcibly; despite difficulty
Can describe forcing oneself or an object
無理やり
By force; coercively; against someone’s will
Often sounds more forceful and vivid
無理に参加しなくてもいいです。
You do not have to force yourself to participate.
彼は私を無理やり連れて行った。
He took me along against my will.
Meaning 5: 無理 = “No Way” or “Hard Pass”
In casual modern conversation, 無理 often expresses strong rejection, aversion, or inability to tolerate something.
Accepting or tolerating it is beyond my limit.
↓
Natural English:
No way.
I can’t.
I can’t deal with that.
That is a hard pass.
Absolutely not.
高い所は無理。
Takai tokoro wa muri.
I cannot handle heights.
毎朝五時起き？ 私には無理。
Maiasa go-ji oki? Watashi ni wa muri.
Getting up at five every morning? I couldn’t do that.
あの人と二人で旅行するのは無理。
Ano hito to futari de ryokō suru no wa muri.
Traveling alone with that person is a hard no for me.
What Does 無理無理 (Muri Muri) Mean?
Repeating 無理 intensifies the reaction. 無理無理 often means “No way,” “Absolutely impossible,” or “I definitely can’t.”
Impossible / I can’t / no
無理無理
No way, no way!
Absolutely not!
There is no chance!
I definitely cannot handle that!
この崖から飛び込むの？ 無理無理！
Kono gake kara tobikomu no? Muri muri!
Jump off this cliff? No way!
一晩で百ページ覚えるなんて無理無理。
Hitoban de hyaku pēji oboeru nante muri muri.
Memorizing a hundred pages in one night? Absolutely impossible.
私が人前で歌うの？ 無理無理、恥ずかしい。
Watashi ga hitomae de utau no? Muri muri, hazukashii.
Me, sing in front of everyone? No way—I’d be too embarrassed.
Is 無理無理 Always Angry?
No. Tone decides whether it sounds playful, panicked, dismissive, or irritated.
無理無理、私にはできないよ！
No way—I couldn’t do that!
⇒ Playful self-doubt.
Sharp tone:
無理無理。絶対やらない。
No. Absolutely not. I’m not doing it.
⇒ Strong rejection.
Panicked tone:
無理無理無理！ 怖い！
No, no, no! I’m scared!
⇒ Immediate fear or overload.
What Does もう無理 (Mou Muri) Mean?
もう can mark a state that has already been reached or emphasize that the speaker does not want the situation to continue. Therefore, もう無理 means that the speaker has reached or crossed a limit.
already / any longer / now / enough
無理 (muri)
beyond what can be handled
もう無理
I can’t do this anymore.
I’ve reached my limit.
I’m done.
I can’t take any more.
三時間走った。もう無理。
San-jikan hashitta. Mō muri.
I’ve been running for three hours. I can’t go on.
この暑さはもう無理。
Kono atsusa wa mō muri.
I can’t take this heat anymore.
何度説明しても聞いてくれない。もう無理。
Nando setsumei shite mo kiite kurenai. Mō muri.
They won’t listen no matter how many times I explain. I’m done.
眠すぎる。もう無理、寝る。
Nemusugiru. Mō muri, neru.
I’m too sleepy. I can’t stay up anymore—I’m going to bed.
もう無理 Can Be Light or Serious
The phrase is frequently used as casual exaggeration, but it can also express genuine physical or emotional distress.
笑いすぎてもう無理。
I’m laughing so hard I can’t take it.
Temporary fatigue:
今日はもう無理。続きは明日にする。
I’m done for today. I’ll continue tomorrow.
Genuine distress:
もう無理。何も考えられない。
I can’t cope anymore. I can’t think.
⇒ The listener should check what is happening rather than assuming it is a joke.
Mou Muri as Slang: Emotional Overload
In casual speech and online fan culture, 無理 and もう無理 may describe an emotion so intense that the speaker jokingly “cannot process” it.
怖すぎて無理。
It’s too scary—I can’t handle it.
Embarrassed overload:
恥ずかしすぎてもう無理。
I’m too embarrassed. I can’t.
Positive overload:
かわいすぎて無理。
It’s so cute I can’t handle it.
Fan-language overload:
推しが尊すぎてもう無理。
My favorite is so precious/amazing that I can’t cope.
In the positive examples, 無理 does not mean the speaker dislikes the person or thing. It means the emotional impact exceeds what the speaker can calmly process.
無理 as Rejection: People, Food, and Situations
The pattern ～は無理 can mark a category that the speaker refuses, cannot tolerate, or feels strongly uncomfortable with.
辛すぎる食べ物は無理です。
Karasugiru tabemono wa muri desu.
I cannot handle extremely spicy food.
初対面で失礼なことを言う人は無理。
Shotaimen de shitsurei na koto o iu hito wa muri.
People who say rude things when you first meet them are a hard pass for me.
恋人の束縛は無理かな。
Koibito no sokubaku wa muri kana.
I don’t think I could accept a controlling partner.
This use can sound like a strong judgment of a person’s entire character. When speaking directly to someone, a more specific description is often kinder.
あなたは無理。
I can’t stand you. / You’re a hard no.
More specific:
その言い方は苦手です。
I’m uncomfortable with the way you say that.
More relationship-focused:
私たちは合わないと思います。
I don’t think we are compatible.
How to Use 無理 Politely
無理です is grammatically polite because it ends in です, but its message may still be blunt.
明日までにできますか？
Can you finish it by tomorrow?無理です。
That is impossible.
⇒ Polite grammar, but direct and final.
In professional situations, explain the constraint and offer a realistic alternative.
明日までには無理です。
It is impossible by tomorrow.
Softer:
申し訳ありませんが、明日までの対応は難しいです。
I’m sorry, but completing it by tomorrow would be difficult.
Constructive:
明日までの対応は難しいですが、金曜日までであれば可能です。
Completing it by tomorrow would be difficult, but Friday would be possible.
Polite Alternatives to 無理です
That would be difficult.
対応できません。
We/I cannot accommodate that.
今回は見送らせてください。
Please allow me to pass this time.
その条件ではお受けできません。
I cannot accept under those conditions.
別の方法を検討させてください。
Please let me consider another method.
無理 vs できない: What Is the Difference?
Both can express inability, but their focus differs.
Cannot do it; the action or ability is unavailable
Often a factual statement about ability or circumstances
無理 (muri)
The demand exceeds a reasonable or tolerable limit
Often includes the speaker’s judgment that the plan is unrealistic or too much
私は泳げません。
Watashi wa oyogemasen.
I cannot swim.
⇒ I do not have the ability.
この波で泳ぐのは無理です。
Kono nami de oyogu no wa muri desu.
Swimming in these waves is too dangerous/impossible.
⇒ The conditions make it unreasonable.
今日は参加できません。
Kyō wa sanka dekimasen.
I cannot participate today.
⇒ Neutral factual refusal.
今日参加するのは無理です。
Kyō sanka suru no wa muri desu.
Participating today is impossible for me.
⇒ Stronger emphasis on the limit.
無理 vs 難しい: What Is the Difference?
difficult; may still be possible
Often used as a softer indirect refusal
無理
impossible, unrealistic, or beyond the limit
Usually sounds more final
今日中に終わらせるのは難しいです。
Finishing today will be difficult.
⇒ There may still be a small possibility or room for negotiation.
今日中に終わらせるのは無理です。
Finishing today is impossible.
⇒ The speaker closes the possibility more strongly.
For more on softened refusal, see What Does ちょっと Mean? Chotto as a Refusal.
無理 vs だめ: What Is the Difference?
Cannot be done, accepted, or tolerated because it exceeds a limit
だめ
No good, not allowed, unsuccessful, or unacceptable
時間がないから、今日中は無理。
There is no time, so today is impossible.
ここで写真を撮ってはだめです。
You must not take pictures here.
何度やってもだめだった。
It did not work no matter how many times I tried.
だめ often evaluates a rule, result, or condition as not good or not permitted. 無理 emphasizes that the action exceeds what can reasonably be done or accepted.
無理 vs きつい: What Is the Difference?
physically, mentally, financially, or emotionally tough
The situation may still be bearable
無理
beyond the limit; cannot continue or accept it
この仕事はきついけど、続けられる。
This job is tough, but I can continue.
この働き方を続けるのは無理。
I cannot continue working this way.
Quick Comparison: Japanese Ways to Say “I Can’t”
| Japanese | Core Meaning | Typical English | Strength |
|---|---|---|---|
| できない | The action cannot be done | I can’t | Neutral |
| 難しい | It is difficult | That may be difficult | Soft |
| 無理 | It exceeds a reasonable limit | Impossible / no way | Strong |
| だめ | It is not good or allowed | No / not allowed / no good | Direct |
| きつい | It is hard to bear | That’s tough | Medium |
| ちょっと…… | The difficulty is left unstated | Sorry, that won’t work | Indirect |
Common Expressions with 無理
It is impossible. / I can’t.
無理です。
That is impossible. (polite grammar)
無理かも。
It might be impossible. / I may not be able to.
無理じゃない？
Isn’t that impossible? / Isn’t that asking too much?
無理に決まってる。
Of course it is impossible.
絶対無理。
Absolutely impossible. / No way.
さすがに無理。
Even I have to say that is too much.
無理しないで。
Don’t push yourself.
無理を言う。
Make an unreasonable request.
無理がある。
Be unrealistic, strained, or logically unconvincing.
無理がある: “There Is a Flaw or Strain in It”
その説明には少し無理があります。
Sono setsumei ni wa sukoshi muri ga arimasu.
That explanation is somewhat strained / difficult to accept logically.
この計画には無理がある。
Kono keikaku ni wa muri ga aru.
This plan is unrealistic.
無理もない: “It Is Understandable”
Be careful: 無理もない does not mean “It is also impossible.” It is an idiom meaning “That is understandable,” “No wonder,” or “It is only natural.”
初めてなら失敗しても無理はない。
Hajimete nara shippai shite mo muri wa nai.
It is understandable to make mistakes if it is your first time.
彼が怒るのも無理はない。
Kare ga okoru no mo muri wa nai.
No wonder he is angry.
Natural Example Dialogues with 無理
A: この資料、今日の三時までに作れますか？
Kono shiryō, kyō no san-ji made ni tsukuremasu ka?
Can you prepare these materials by three today?
B: 三時までは無理ですが、五時までなら可能です。
San-ji made wa muri desu ga, go-ji made nara kanō desu.
Three is not possible, but I can do it by five.
⇒ The alternative makes the strong refusal constructive.
A: ジェットコースターに乗ろうよ！
Jettokōsutā ni norō yo!
Let’s ride the roller coaster!
B: 無理無理！ 高い所、本当に苦手なの。
Muri muri! Takai tokoro, hontō ni nigate na no.
No way! I really cannot handle heights.
⇒ Repetition expresses an immediate emotional rejection.
A: あと一キロ走れる？
Ato ichi-kiro hashireru?
Can you run one more kilometer?
B: ごめん、もう無理。少し休ませて。
Gomen, mō muri. Sukoshi yasumasete.
Sorry, I can’t go any farther. Let me rest for a bit.
⇒ もう marks the limit as already reached.
A: 今夜も徹夜して終わらせる。
Kon’ya mo tetsuya shite owaraseru.
I’ll stay up all night again and finish it.
B: 無理しないで。明日手伝うから。
Muri shinaide. Ashita tetsudau kara.
Don’t push yourself. I’ll help tomorrow.
⇒ 無理しないで warns against exceeding a healthy limit.
A: 新しい写真、見た？
Atarashii shashin, mita?
Did you see the new photo?
B: 見た！ かわいすぎてもう無理。
Mita! Kawaisugite mō muri.
I did! It is so cute I cannot handle it.
⇒ The speaker is overwhelmed positively, not rejecting the photo.
How 無理 Is Used in Anime, Manga, and Social Media
Short emotional lines are common because the surrounding scene supplies the omitted details.
It’s impossible.
そんなの無理に決まってる！
There is no way that can be done!
無理無理無理！
No, no, no! / Absolutely not!
もう無理……。
I can’t do this anymore.
さすがに無理。
That is too much, even for me.
顔が良すぎて無理。
They are so good-looking I cannot handle it.
情緒が無理。
My emotions cannot handle this.
⇒ Highly casual internet-style wording.
Related Slang Using 無理
無理ゲー (Muri Gē)
無理ゲー combines 無理 with ゲーム. It originally described a game that felt impossibly difficult and now also refers to a real-life situation that appears unwinnable.
経験なしでこの仕事を一日で覚えるのは無理ゲーだ。
Keiken nashi de kono shigoto o ichinichi de oboeru no wa muri gē da.
Learning this job in one day with no experience is basically an impossible game.
さすがに無理 (Sasuga ni Muri)
This means that even after allowing for the circumstances, the situation has crossed a reasonable boundary.
三日間寝ないで働くのは、さすがに無理。
Mikkakan nenaide hataraku no wa, sasuga ni muri.
Working for three days without sleeping is too much, no matter how you look at it.
生理的に無理 (Seiriteki ni Muri)
This means someone or something causes a strong instinctive or bodily aversion. It is an extremely strong rejection and can be deeply hurtful when directed at a person.
あの匂いは生理的に無理。
Ano nioi wa seiriteki ni muri.
I have an instinctive physical aversion to that smell.
Use this expression carefully. It does not merely mean “I slightly dislike it.”
The Origin and Historical Development of 無理
The original sense of 無理 is closely connected to its kanji: something that lacks sound reason or goes against a proper principle.
contrary to reason or proper order
↓
forced or excessive action
↓
something difficult or impossible to carry out
↓
modern conversational rejection and limit-marking:
“I can’t,” “no way,” “I can’t handle it”
Historical dictionary records include the sense “contrary to reason” in a 1477 example, forced action in texts from approximately the early fifteenth century, and “difficult to carry out” in a 1662 example.
Modern conversational use has expanded beyond objective impossibility. Speakers can use 無理 as a pragmatic marker to reject, distance themselves from, or show that something exceeds their emotional tolerance.
without reason
⇒ against reasonable limits
⇒ cannot realistically be done
⇒ I cannot accept or emotionally handle it
Common Mistakes with 無理
Mistake 1: Translating Every 無理 as “Impossible”
Not necessarily: Bugs are impossible.
Natural: I cannot handle bugs.
かわいすぎて無理。
Not: It is too cute, so it is impossible.
Natural: It is so cute I cannot handle it.
Mistake 2: Using 無理です as a Gentle Refusal
The です ending is polite, but the judgment can still sound final and harsh.
それは無理です。
Softer:
申し訳ありませんが、その条件では難しいです。
Constructive:
その条件では難しいですが、こちらの方法なら可能です。
Mistake 3: Confusing 無理 and だめ
無理 marks a limit. だめ often marks prohibition, failure, or something being no good.
Mistake 4: Assuming 無理無理 Is Formal Emphasis
Repetition is emotional and conversational. It is unsuitable for professional writing or careful formal speech.
Mistake 5: Assuming もう無理 Is Always a Joke
It is often exaggerated, but it may also signal genuine exhaustion or distress. Listen to the context and the speaker’s condition.
Mistake 6: Using Positive Slang in the Wrong Setting
尊すぎて無理 and かわいすぎて無理 are casual, expressive slang. They may confuse people unfamiliar with fan or internet language.
Mistake 7: Telling Someone あなたは無理
This can reject the person as a whole and sound deeply insulting. Describe the specific behavior or incompatibility instead.
FAQ About Muri
What does muri mean in Japanese?
無理 (muri) means impossible, unreasonable, forced, excessive, or beyond what someone can handle, depending on context.
Does muri mean “no”?
In casual conversation, it can function as a strong rejection meaning “no way,” “I can’t,” or “hard pass.” It is not a neutral universal word for “no.”
What does muri muri mean?
無理無理 is an emphatic repetition meaning “No way,” “Absolutely impossible,” or “I definitely can’t.” Tone can make it playful, panicked, or dismissive.
What does mou muri mean?
もう無理 means “I can’t do this anymore,” “I’ve reached my limit,” “I’m done,” or “I can’t take any more.”
Is mou muri slang?
The words themselves are standard Japanese, but the short standalone phrase is especially common in casual, emotional, and slang-like speech.
Can muri have a positive meaning?
In online and fan language, expressions such as かわいすぎて無理 mean “It is so cute I cannot handle it.” The speaker is positively overwhelmed rather than rejecting it.
What does muri shinaide mean?
無理しないで means “Don’t push yourself,” “Don’t overdo it,” or “Take it easy.”
What does muri desu mean?
無理です politely states that something is impossible, unrealistic, unacceptable, or beyond the speaker’s limit. It may still sound blunt.
What is the difference between muri and dekinai?
できない states that an action cannot be done. 無理 judges that the demand exceeds a reasonable, practical, or tolerable limit.
What is the difference between muri and muzukashii?
難しい means difficult and may leave room for possibility. 無理 is stronger and usually indicates that the limit has been exceeded.
What is the difference between muri and dame?
無理 means impossible or beyond a limit. だめ means no good, unsuccessful, or not allowed.
How do you pronounce muri?
Pronounce it in two short morae: む・り. The Japanese r is a quick tongue tap rather than a strong English r.
How do you write muri in Japanese?
The standard spelling is 無理. It can also appear as むり in hiragana or ムリ in katakana for stylistic emphasis.
What does sasuga ni muri mean?
さすがに無理 means “That is too much, even after taking the circumstances into account” or “Even I have to say that is impossible.”
What does muri ga aru mean?
無理がある means that a plan, explanation, or claim is unrealistic, strained, or logically difficult to accept.
What does muri mo nai mean?
無理もない is an idiom meaning “That is understandable,” “No wonder,” or “It is only natural.”
Summary: Muri, Muri Muri, and Mou Muri
無理 describes something that exceeds what reason, conditions, ability, or tolerance can support.
● Impossible
一日で終わらせるのは無理です。
Finishing it in one day is impossible.
● Unreasonable
無理なお願い
an unreasonable request
● Overdoing it
無理しないで。
Don’t push yourself.
● Strong refusal
それは無理。
No way. / I can’t accept that.
● Emphatic repetition
無理無理！
Absolutely not!
● Reaching a limit
もう無理。
I can’t do this anymore.
● Positive slang
かわいすぎて無理。
It is so cute I cannot handle it.
● Important caution
A standalone 無理 can sound blunt. In formal or sensitive situations, explain the constraint and offer a clearer alternative.
Do not memorize 無理 only as “impossible.”
Remember the wider core image:
“The demand has crossed a reasonable or tolerable limit.”
That one image explains impossible plans, unreasonable requests, overwork, strong rejection, 無理無理, もう無理, and even emotionally overwhelmed internet slang!
References
- Kotobank: 無理 — meanings including being contrary to reason, forced action, difficulty, impossibility, and excessive burden.
- Kotobank: 理 — meanings including reason, logic, principle, and natural order.
- Kotobank: もう — uses marking an already reached state, refusal to continue, and emotional emphasis.
- Kotobank: 無理もない.
- TV Asahi Japanese Language Laboratory: 「無理」という言葉 — discussion of conversational refusal and the sense that circumstances make acceptance impossible.
- Takahashi (2021): 語用論的標識としての漢語「無理」の歴史 — research on the historical and newer pragmatic uses of 無理.